The field of study known as "philosophy of education" examines the major questions surrounding education from a theoretical perspective. It is seldom covered in philosophy courses since it is not widely accepted by the academic community. Philosophy of education is often taught at educational institutions or departments, much as law and medical school philosophies. It uses philosophical ways to examine education as its primary topic.
Teaching According to Socrates: A Philosophical Look at Education
As a Greek philosopher and educator, Socrates lived from 469 BC to 399 BC. In many circles, he is regarded as the first philosopher. It's worthless to live an unexamined life, as Socrates and Plato both agree in Apology. This statement demonstrates that his approach was analytical and founded on a study of the human condition. That's why he did a wide-ranging investigation of his fellow Athenians, sought to comprehend societal notions, and advised others on what they should do.
His approach was based on critical thinking, and it included a robust defense of the truth. Socrates himself left no writings behind. His two students, Plato and Xenophon, both cited his methods and research.
Instructional Objectives:
Socrates argues that it is important to be aware of both our abilities and our ignorance.
Curriculum:
The Socratic approach centered its curriculum and lessons on students' own experiences, letting them draw their own conclusions about societal problems and trends via open discussion.
Socrates often frequented the market and other public places, where he interacted with a wide range of individuals.
Teaching via Socratic Dialogue:
Socrates argued that in the classroom, rather than transferring knowledge, instructors should foster an environment where students may learn by asking and answering fundamental questions.
In Socrates' view, there is no such thing as an authoritative teacher. Wisdom and knowledge are not the exclusive domain of any one individual, group, or institution. The way Socrates taught inspired his pupils to open up and impart their own insights.
A Look at the Learning Procedure:
Socrates argues that the best way to educate oneself is to examine and understand the wisdom and knowledge of others in order to arrive at one's own conclusions. Interpreting the assertions of others, putting their knowledge to the test, or assessing the wisdom of those regarded as wise, is how one acquires knowledge and skills, in Socrates' view. Presenting those who are not intelligent > their stupidity. Educating oneself through listening to the experience of the wise. Look into things for yourself. Getting other people interested in philosophy. Investigating the experiences of those who came before us. The acquisition of moral understanding.
Concepts of Education from Plato
Plato was born into a wealthy and influential family in Athens around 427 B.C. An adherent of Socrates', he was a Greek philosopher. Before establishing himself as a prominent philosopher on his own, Plato spent time learning from the great Socrates. After his teacher passed away, Plato went to Egypt and Italy to learn from Pythagorean students and then spent many years as an advisor to the Syracuse royal family. Eventually, he went back to Athens and began teaching philosophy at the Academy under his own name. Amid Athens, in a forest revered by the demigod Academus, Plato established the Academy in 387 BC (which is where we get the word academics from today).
Aims:
Every person should spend his or her life doing what's right for them, as espoused by Plato. How and in what ways each individual learner and person is naturally gifted and suited to accomplish tasks is determined by educational institutions and systems. Bad leadership and management will cause poor decision making. To practice social justice, you must give credit where credit is due.
Plato argued that the intellect alone is capable of acquiring actual knowledge, and that material things can only serve as temporary depictions of fixed concepts. The top in society tend to govern in an intellectual aristocracy. Someone who is very bright and honest.
Curriculum:
When Plato returned to Athens in 385 B.C., he established a new school of learning that he called the Academy and oversaw until his death. The Academy's curriculum spanned the disciplines of biology, mathematics, astronomy, political theory, and philosophy during the course of its many years of operation.
Depending on the age and kind of students, Plato outlines the many stages of education: Elementary (At elementary level, boys and girls should study together, evolve and develop together in the society and this involves different subjects.) Military (It means that another two years of the youth study, they will spend in the bodily training to become guards of the state where they can protect, defend and fight for the state) Adults in higher education (those between the ages of 35 and 50) will ponder many philosophical questions in order to get insight into how to improve their lives.
Techniques of Instruction:
Students should learn by doing, which is why Plato advocated for play-based education at the primary level. And by the time he or she reaches the university level, his or her reason will have been schooled in the techniques of critical analysis and abstraction. Plato sought inspiration and enthusiasm for education. A strong opponent of coercive pedagogy, he argued against it. Forcibly learned information is quickly forgotten. "Do not thus educate adolescents by force and harshness," Plato advises. "Direct them to it by what amuses their brains, so that you may more accurately find the distinctive bent of the genius of each."
Plato envisioned a playground where kids would want to hang around for hours, learning via play. Plato valued early childhood education for the critical role it plays in shaping a person's character and outlook for the rest of his life. "Nursery school is the most crucial portion of a child's education."
Procedural Learning:
Plato advocated for the removal of children from their mothers' care and their subsequent hovering as divisions of the state, with great care taken to differentiate children suitable to the various backgrounds, with the uppermost receiving the most education, so that they may serve as protectors of the city and caretakers of the less able. He considered musical and artistic endeavors to need the most dedication, hence he intended for education to include all of these areas.
According to Plato, children from all socioeconomic backgrounds have equal access to innate aptitude and potential. On this foundation, he argued that the state had an obligation to educate and train the talented so that they might take leadership roles. This is a system of selective public education premised on the idea that an educated minority of the people is, by virtue of their education (and inborn educability), enough to maintain orderly government.
This leads to our second question:
The correct answer is IMMANUEL KANT'S PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION
On April 22, 1724, Kant was born in Germany; he passed away in 1804. German philosophy was his forte. His parents, who were middle class, provided the foundation for his moral upbringing. His dad worked as a saddlemaker. Already as a young man, he was working as a private tutor for kids. After finishing school in 1755, he stayed on as an adjunct professor at Konigsberg University. He credits Rousseau for setting him on the correct course with his writings. In it, he ripped through previously established groups. He abandoned science and philosophy in favor of investigating how people think, and he made a concerted effort to take a teaching stance toward his listeners.
Aims:
Education is the sole means by which a man may develop into a man. Kant
Education's purpose is to hone each student's unique set of abilities and develop people into responsible, morally autonomous individuals who can exercise choice within the confines of a set of rules. Instead than focusing on social change, education should strive towards a perfect human race in general. Teaching kids to do the right thing means instilling in them a sense of responsibility for themselves and others, faith in themselves and the scientific method, awe for the divine, a desire to promote world peace, and a love for learning.
Curriculum:
Kant has made significant contributions to the academic world. Criticism of unadulterated reason is one example (1781). In reply to: What is enlightenment? For instance: "As Plato and Socrates stress about enlightenment, that it is a quest for reality and truth" (1784). Criticism of Realistic Thinking (1788).
Aspects of Pedagogy:
The first rule is that a person or thing should be allowed complete freedom from birth unless doing so poses an unacceptable risk of physical damage to the individual, provided that the individual or thing in question does not infringe on the rights of others. The child should constantly be made aware of the limits placed on his or her independence. For children to get acclimated to work, it is important that they not have to give up play. Making schooling mandatory is an important step, but it must not be used to oppress students. If a youngster wants to be free, he or she must also be responsible enough to let others be free.
The second guideline is to help the youngster realize that he will only be successful if he gives others the same opportunities. The youngster has to learn that freedom for oneself and others is essential for world peace. Our very beings demand that we care about three things: ourselves, the people we've grown up with, and the future of the globe.
For the third rule, make it clear to the kid that you're teaching him everything so he may be free. If a kid were to have a good education, he or she would grow into an adult with an enlightened universal reason, liberated from the prejudices of the world. A good education will help the kid grow independent in more ways than one. The youngster has to be taught the importance of using his freedom to further his education so that he might one day enjoy genuine independence. Kant held that the perception of such freedom was fundamentally subjective because of the intrinsic worth of each individual.
Procedural Learning:
A child's character, whether he or she is a boy or a girl, must have a desire to learn. Lessons need to be designed with kids in mind. The learner remembers and applies knowledge most effectively when he learns it "on his own," so to speak. The primary goal of any effective learning strategy should be to help children develop sound judgment as they evaluate various courses of action. He emphasized the significance of thinking for humans. His (Kant's) goal in teaching was to help students become independent thinkers rather than passive students.
Relevance to Contemporary Classrooms
The goal of a good education is to help children develop and use their innate intelligence for the greater good of society and themselves as individuals. Education instills in young minds the self-discipline necessary to consistently push themselves intellectually. Educating a child's mind helps them get control over their emotions so that they don't make poor decisions because of them. Kids get knowledge and understanding via schooling that they didn't have before. They are better equipped to approach the world with an open, curious mind and a level of objectivity and refinement in their thinking as a result. Education is a means through which society may be improved. Having an education instills a sense of respect for others in its students. The evils of war and conflict for all of mankind must be instilled in youngsters via education in order to foster a culture of peace.
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