Theoretical Underpinnings of Curriculums
The most important basis is philosophical since it allows us to understand and make use of other bases, such as those from history, society, and psychology. Objectives, topic choice, and implementation structure may all be guided by philosophical inquiry. For instance, philosophers often wonder: What constitutes truth and reality?
Connection Between Philosophy and Curriculum
Education takes what is learned in philosophy and makes it useful in daily life. Education follows the path set by philosophical inquiry. Education is the process of changing one's conduct, and the course of that change is controlled by one's philosophy. The field of education is a laboratory for the practical application of abstract philosophical ideas. Therefore, it is fair to refer to education as "applied philosophy." The legacy of a philosopher is one who imparts knowledge to future generations. We may define Philosophy as the study of teaching as a whole. Philosophers design the process of learning and teaching.
Perennialism
The theory holds that certain concepts have survived for centuries and can only be fully appreciated in the present day. These concepts need to be tried out in classrooms. It is generally agreed that the ideas of the greatest minds in history continue to be relevant.
Learning about these timeless concepts can help kids grow intellectually and morally, all while fostering a love of learning.
Characteristics:
It helps students identify the concepts that are most insightful and long-lasting in their pursuit of a humane knowledge of the world.
In this way, pupils are provided with clear guidelines to follow and the ability to distinguish between good and wrong.
Essentialism
The term essential, meaning "primary item" or "basics," is where "essentialism" gets its origin. Teaching pupils the "essentials" of knowledge and growth in moral standing is a central tenet of essentialism. From a conservative philosophical standpoint, schools shouldn't be out to change the world. Instead, they should instill in their charges the age-old virtues and rational understanding that will make them productive members of society.
Essentialism also highlighted the value of research and the contributions that scientists have made to our knowledge of the world. Essentialists, in their quest to educate their students about the universe, place a premium on the teaching of the sciences above more subjective fields like philosophy and comparative religion.
Characteristics:
Mathematics, the natural sciences, history, and foreign languages and literature make up the 'basics' of the essentialist curriculum.
Academic disciplines that have been "watered down," such as vocational, life-adjustment, or other disciplines, are not approved of by Essentialists.
Progressivism
It proposes that schools should be structured around the concept that individuals are inherently social and learn best via hands-on experience with others. Progressives believe that education's primary function is to help young people transition into adulthood while also transmitting the values and norms of society. Students should be able to profit from and pursue their own interests and potential via their education. Learning in solitude creates a wall between the head and the body, thus it's important for kids to learn to collaborate. The concept of "learning by doing" is pushed heavily.
Characteristics:
In the classroom, teachers should highlight recent breakthroughs in science, technology, and society.
v The course is designed with the students' backgrounds, passions, and skills in mind.
Reconstructionism
Examination of existence, reality, and the human condition are major themes. Humans, it is thought, come into being first, and then each person spends their whole existence developing a different core personality. Some people, known as reconstructionists, believe that schools should encourage students to reflect on social issues and develop solutions. The goal of education should be to transform society from within.
Characteristics:
All of these fundamental ideas are taken into account by existentialists:
v The humanities and non-scientific disciplines, such as history, politics, economics, sociology, religion, ethics, poetry, and philosophy, take precedence over the hard sciences.
Human nature is shaped by the decisions we make.
Challenges and repercussions are inevitable when making choices.
One's own self-control and accountability are of paramount importance.
Inquiry Number Two:
Correct Response: The Proper Order for Creating a Curriculum
What should be taught, who should be taught, and how it should be taught are all analytically organized throughout the curriculum building process. Every element has contact with every other element. Taking into account the aforementioned three factors is crucial while designing curriculum, thus here is the order in which I want to implement it:
First, I will determine the problem(s) or requirements(needs) involved.
The second benefit is that I will have a firm grasp on the demographics of my student body, including their unique qualities and requirements.
And third, I'll do my best to get a handle on how the anticipated modifications will affect students (learning outcomes/objectives > student capabilities).
Fourth, I'll choose the most vital and relevant material (what),
Fifth, I will carry out strategies for desired results (how),
In the end, I will assess the efficacy of different approaches in terms of their methodology, content, and results.
Crucial Components of a Successful Curriculum
Herrick and Tyler list the following factors in creating a curriculum:
An Evaluation of the Current State of Affairs a.
The Setting of Goals (b)
content c. selection
d. Educational Methods, Materials, and Procedures
Checking Out (or, e) an Assessment
Examining the Circumstances
Comparative analysis refers to the process of comparing and contrasting disparate factors, such as a nation's political climate, cultural norms, religious practices, and physical location. This will be useful for curriculum designers in recommending assessment methods and guiding their decisions about learning goals and material structure.
Created Goals
Educators may best achieve their goals by focusing on four key areas. These components are: (I) the society (II) the body of knowledge (III) the student This brings us to our next section, where we will discuss the learning procedures. All of these factors must be taken into account while deciding on and outlining educational goals.
Methods of Content Selection
Picking a subject's material or theme is crucial. Consider the following criteria throughout the selecting process: I. Resources and materials at hand; II. Societal demand; III. Global requirements V. Content organization methods VI. Course availability VII. Faculty numbers and qualifications VIII. Course offerings and topic coverage IX. Assessment methods X. Cultural context Methods and Teaching Methodology (XI)
Instructional Methods and Techniques
These are the techniques and approaches used by teachers in classrooms and schools to facilitate student learning. It's not right to expect a teacher to reach goals without providing any direction. At this point, tutors aren't actively engaged. Most teachers are clueless about how to bring about the necessary changes. The next challenge, after establishing the objectives, is deciding on an appropriate curriculum.
Evaluation
In order to adapt to the ever-changing demands of society and implement the essential reforms that are required, assessment must be one of the most active processes, necessitating constant study and evaluation for its development. In contrast to evaluating a kid, assessing a curriculum is a separate process. It's a broad phrase that's being utilized to judge its worth and usefulness. Experts may make improvements to the curriculum using feedback from the assessment phase.
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